Linux Command Reference

Searchable Bash Cheat Sheet

Use this terminal-style command guide to quickly find Linux, SSH, networking, package management, deployment, database, and framework commands. All existing command snippets are preserved, and the interface is optimized for faster navigation.

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# File & Directory ls -lah # List files (with size, perms, hidden) pwd # Show current directory cd /path/to/dir # Change directory mkdir project # Make directory rm -rf folder/ # Remove folder & contents cp file.txt /dir/ # Copy file mv old new # Move/Rename file/folder cat file.txt # Show file content nano file.txt # Edit file in nano tail -f log.txt # Live log watching find . -name "*.php" # Search for files passwd # change password # Permissions chmod 755 file # rwxr-xr-x chmod 644 file # rw-r--r-- chown user:group file # Change owner # Process & Services ps aux | grep php # Show running processes top / htop # System monitor kill -9 PID # Kill process # Users whoami # Current user adduser devuser # Add new user passwd devuser # Set password # SSH ssh user@IP # SSH login ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your_email@example.com" # Create a new SSH key (recommended algorithm) eval "$(ssh-agent -s)" # Start the SSH authentication agent ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 # Add private key to SSH agent cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub # Copy this key and add it to GitHub/GitLab SSH settings ssh -T git@github.com # Verify SSH authentication with GitHub git clone git@github.com:username/repository.git # Clone repo without using HTTPS/password git remote set-url origin git@github.com:username/repository.git # Switch repository from HTTPS to SSH git remote -v # Confirm SSH remote is set correctly nano ~/.ssh/config # Create or edit SSH config file Force GitHub to use this SSH key Host github.com IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_myname IdentitiesOnly yes scp file.zip user@IP:/path # Copy file to server # Networking ifconfig / ip a # Show IP addresses ping google.com # Test connection curl -I website.com # Check headers netstat -tulpn # Show open ports ufw status # Firewall status ufw allow 22 # Allow SSH ufw allow 80 # Allow HTTP ufw allow 443 # Allow HTTPS # Package Management sudo apt install package # Install sudo apt remove package # Remove dpkg -l | grep php # List installed packages # Disk & System df -h # Show disk usage du -sh folder/ # Folder size free -m # Show memory usage uptime # Server uptime/load reboot # Restart server shutdown -h now # Shutdown server # Archives tar -czvf backup.tar.gz folder/ # Create tar.gz tar -xzvf backup.tar.gz # Extract tar.gz unzip file.zip # Extract zip zip -r backup.zip folder/ # Create zip # Git & Deployment sudo git clone repo.git sudo git pull sudo git push sudo git merge branch_name sudo git checkout -b new-feature # Install PHP APACHE MYSQL sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y # Update system sudo apt-get update # apt-get Older, low-level tool (stable since the 2000s). sudo apt update # apt Newer, user-friendly frontend (introduced in Ubuntu 16.04+). sudo apt install apache2 # Install APACHE2 Apache config /etc/apache2/apache2.conf sudo apt install mysql-server # Install MYSQL sudo apt install curl # Install CURL sudo apt install php -y # Install PHP sudo apt install -y php-bcmath php-bz2 php-intl php-gd php-mbstring php-mcrypt php-mysql php-zip libapache2-mod-php # Install REDIS sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y # Update system packages sudo apt-get install -y lsb-release curl gpg # Install required dependencies curl -fsSL https://packages.redis.io/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg # Download and add Redis GPG key sudo chmod 644 /usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg # Set correct permissions for keyring echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg] https://packages.redis.io/deb $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/redis.list # Add Redis APT repository sudo apt-get update # Refresh package list after adding Redis repo sudo apt-get install -y redis # Install Redis server sudo systemctl status redis-server # Check Redis service status # Check firewall application profiles sudo ufw app list # Allow Apache traffic sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full' # Apache Full → allows both port 80 (HTTP) and port 443 (HTTPS) sudo ufw allow 'Apache' # Apache → only allows port 80 (HTTP) sudo ufw allow 'Apache Secure' # Apache Secure → only allows port 443 (HTTPS) # Install Composer sudo apt install php-cli unzip curl -y curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer # In Folder composer install # Composer reads composer.json and downloads all required PHP packages into the vendor/ folder. # Install Node Version Manager (NVM): curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash source ~/.bashrc # Install Node sudo apt install nodejs nvm install 20 nvm use 20 # Alternative Node.js install curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_12.x | sudo -E bash - sudo apt install -y nodejs # Force install ignoring engine checks npm install --ignore-engines # Reinstall dependencies: rm -rf node_modules package-lock.json npm install # VERSIONS php -v node -v npm -v composer -v # Start And enable installed services sudo systemctl start / enable / restart status apache2.service sudo systemctl start / enable / restart status mysql.service sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart # Install phpMyAdmin sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin php-mbstring php-gettext # Enable necessary PHP extensions sudo phpenmod mcrypt sudo phpenmod mbstring # Edit Apache virtual host config sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf 
  <VirtualHost *:80>
      ServerName mywebsite.com
      ServerAlias www.mywebsite.com
      DocumentRoot /var/www/html/project
      <Directory /var/www/html/project>
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride All
    Require all granted
      </Directory>
      ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/project_error.log
      CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/project_access.log combined
  </VirtualHost>
# Create an sudo mkdir -p /var/www/mywebsite sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/mywebsite # Edit Config sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/project.conf # ENABLE site sudo a2ensite project.conf sudo systemctl reload apache2 # Disable Site sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf sudo systemctl reload apache2 # Test Apache config: sudo apache2ctl configtest # reload apache2 # SSH ssh keygen # generate key in you own system for practice # Go to pem file directory sudo chmod 400 file.pem sudo ssh -i file.pem ubuntu@0.0.0.0 # Addition --------------------------------- # SSL / HTTPS (Let's Encrypt) sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache -y sudo certbot --apache sudo certbot renew --dry-run # Test auto-renewal # CRON JOBS (Scheduled Tasks) crontab -e # Example entries: * * * * * php /var/www/project/artisan schedule:run >> /dev/null 2>&1 # Laravel scheduler 0 2 * * * mysqldump -u root -p dbname > /home/backup/dbname_$(date +\%F).sql # Daily DB backup 0 3 * * 0 rsync -a /var/www/project/ /home/backup/project/ # Weekly project backup # SUPERVISOR (Keep Laravel Queue Running) sudo apt install supervisor -y sudo nano /etc/supervisor/conf.d/laravel-worker.conf # Example supervisor config: # [program:laravel-worker] # process_name=%(program_name)s_%(process_num)02d # command=php /var/www/project/artisan queue:work --sleep=3 --tries=3 --max-time=3600 # autostart=true # autorestart=true # stopasgroup=true # killasgroup=true # user=www-data # numprocs=1 # redirect_stderr=true # stdout_logfile=/var/www/project/storage/logs/worker.log sudo supervisorctl reread sudo supervisorctl update sudo supervisorctl start laravel-worker:* # LOGS & MONITORING journalctl -u apache2 -f # Apache live logs journalctl -u mysql -f # MySQL logs tail -f /var/www/project/storage/logs/laravel.log # Laravel logs df -h # Disk usage htop # Process monitor # BACKUPS (Manual + Cron) # MySQL backup mysqldump -u root -p dbname > /home/backup/dbname_$(date +%F).sql # All databases mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/backup/all_$(date +%F).sql # Rsync project files rsync -avz /var/www/project/ /home/backup/project_$(date +%F)/ # Add cron for automatic backups crontab -e # 0 1 * * * mysqldump -u root -p'password' dbname > /home/backup/dbname_$(date +\%F).sql # 0 2 * * * rsync -avz /var/www/project/ /home/backup/project_$(date +\%F)/ # Node # NPM BASICS npm -v # Check npm version npm init -y # Create package.json (default) npm init # Create package.json (interactive) # INSTALL PACKAGES npm install -- pkg -- # Install locally (default) npm install -- pkg --@1.2.3 # Install specific version npm install -g -- pkg -- # Install globally npm install # Install deps from package.json npm ci # Clean install (faster, from package-lock.json) # REMOVE / UPDATE npm uninstall -- pkg -- # Remove package npm update -- pkg -- # Update package npm update # Update all packages npm outdated # Check outdated packages # RUNNING SCRIPTS npm run -- script -- # Run script from package.json npm run build # Common script npm run dev # Common script npm test # Run "test" script npm start # Run "start" script # PACKAGE INFO npm list # List local deps npm list -g --depth=0 # List global deps npm view -- pkg -- # Info about a package npm view -- pkg -- versions # List all versions npm search -- pkg -- # Search npm registry # NPX (Run without install) npx -- pkg -- # Run a package directly npx create-react-app myapp npx laravel-vite-plugin # CACHE & CONFIG npm cache clean --force # Clear npm cache npm config list # Show npm configs npm config set registry https://registry.npmjs.org/ # PACKAGE LOCK & AUDIT npm audit # Scan for vulnerabilities npm audit fix # Auto-fix issues npm shrinkwrap # Lock exact versions (like package-lock.json) # PUBLISH (if making packages) npm login # Login to npm npm publish # Publish package npm version patch # Bump version (patch) npm version minor # Bump version (minor) npm version major # Bump version (major) # Install PM2 npm install -g pm2 # Install PM2 globally pm2 --version # Check PM2 version # Start Applications pm2 start app.js # Start a Node.js app pm2 start app.js --name api # Start app with custom name pm2 start npm --name frontend -- run start # Start npm script using PM2 pm2 start ecosystem.config.js # Start apps using ecosystem file # Process Management pm2 list # List all running processes pm2 show api # Show detailed info of a process pm2 restart api # Restart a specific app pm2 restart all # Restart all apps pm2 stop api # Stop a specific app pm2 stop all # Stop all apps pm2 delete api # Remove app from PM2 pm2 delete all # Remove all apps from PM2 # Logs & Monitoring pm2 logs # Show logs of all apps pm2 logs api # Show logs for a specific app pm2 monit # Real-time CPU & memory monitoring # Startup & Auto-Restart (Production) pm2 startup # Generate startup script for boot sudo env PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin pm2 startup systemd -u $USER --hp $HOME # Fix startup path issues (recommended) pm2 save # Save current process list for reboot restore pm2 resurrect # Restore apps after reboot # Reload & Zero-Downtime pm2 reload api # Zero-downtime reload (cluster mode) pm2 reload all # Reload all apps # Ecosystem File pm2 init # Create ecosystem.config.js pm2 start ecosystem.config.js --env production # Start apps in production mode # Useful Maintenance Commands pm2 flush # Clear all logs pm2 reloadLogs # Reload log files without downtime pm2 kill # Stop PM2 daemon completely pm2 update # Update PM2 in-memory processes # Login to MySQL mysql -u root -p # Reset Password # 1 Stop Mysql sudo systemctl stop mysql # 2 Start MySQL without authentication sudo mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables & # Grant Access Tologin without # if error mysqld_safe Directory '/var/run/mysqld' for UNIX socket file don't exists. # Create the directory manually sudo mkdir -p /var/run/mysqld sudo chown mysql:mysql /var/run/mysqld # then Try again from 1 # 3 login mysql -u root # Inside MySQL prompt, run FLUSH PRIVILEGES; ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'YourNewPassword'; # If ALTER USER gives an error, try: SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('YourNewPassword'); EXIT; # Exit MySQL: # Mysql Server sudo systemctl stop mysql # Stop Mysql Server sudo systemctl start mysql # Start Mysql Server # Mysql Database CREATE DATABASE database_name # Create Database SHOW TABLES; # All tables SHOW DATABASES; # All database USE database_name # Go in database # CREATE TABLE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE CREATE TABLE users ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(100), email VARCHAR(100), created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ); SELECT * FROM users; INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('name', 'email'); UPDATE users SET name = 'name', email = 'email' DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1 EXIT; # Import Database -- Restore from Backup # Import .sql file mysql -u username -p database_name /path/to/file.sql # Import from a .zip file unzip -p /var/www/backup.zip | mysql -u username -p database_name # one step unzip backup.zip mysql -u username -p database_name backup.sql # Export from database mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > all-databases.sql # all database mysqldump -u root -p database_name > /home/myuser/database-dump.sql # database mysqldump -u root -p database_name table_name > users-table.sql # table mysqldump -u root -p --no-data database_name > schema.sql # only schema # LARAVEL # Install Laravel globally composer global require laravel/installer # Add composer global bin path to system PATH echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc # Verify installation laravel --version # Create a project laravel new blog # Move inside project cd blog php artisan serve # Create Laravel project without installing Laravel composer create-project laravel/laravel blog2 # Move inside project cd blog2 php artisan serve # Commands # Show all commands php artisan list # Help for specific command php artisan help serve # App Key php artisan key:generate # Cache / Config / Route php artisan cache:clear php artisan config:clear php artisan route:clear php artisan view:clear php artisan optimize # Migrate php artisan migrate php artisan migrate:rollback # Undo last batch php artisan migrate:reset # Undo all php artisan migrate:fresh # Drop all tables & re-run all migrations php artisan migrate:status # Show migration status # Seed database php artisan db:seed php artisan db:seed --class=UserSeeder # Make Migration php artisan make:migration create_users_table php artisan make:migration add_status_to_orders_table --table=orders # Make model php artisan make:model modal_name php artisan make:model modal_name -m # with migration php artisan make:model modal_name -mc # with migration + controller # Make Controller php artisan make:controller NameController php artisan make:controller NameController --resource php artisan make:controller Api/NameController --api # Middleware php artisan make:middleware CheckUser php artisan make:request StoreUserRequest php artisan make:job ProcessOrder php artisan make:event OrderCreated php artisan make:listener SendEmailNotification php artisan make:seeder UserSeeder php artisan make:factory UserFactory # Routing Debuging php artisan route:list # Show all routes php artisan route:list --name=api php artisan tinker # Interactive shell for Laravel php artisan db:show # Show DB info (Laravel 10+) # Queue Jobs php artisan queue:work php artisan queue:listen php artisan queue:restart # Testing php artisan test php artisan test --filter UserTest # More composer update # Update dependencies composer install # Install dependencies php artisan storage:link # Link storage to public php artisan down # Maintenance mode php artisan up # Disable maintenance mode